Windows shows the contents of both folders in a single view. The other one is a special folder in the current user profile, %userprofile%\Desktop. One is the “Common Desktop”, located in the folder C:\Users\Public\Desktop. In modern Windows versions, including Windows 10, the Desktop folder contents are stored in two locations. Files you see on the desktop are stored in a special folder in your user profile. You can arrange items on the Desktop in any way you want. It can store shortcuts to anything as well as files and folders. In Windows, the Desktop is the location which occupies the whole screen area that you see after you sign in to your user account. This happens regardless of the account type, affecting both local and Microsoft accounts. The layout gets reset the user sign in to his Windows account. The layout of desktop icons and their position does not remain saved in between the user sessions.
Some users report a strange bug in Windows 10. How to Fix Windows 10 Doesn’t Save Desktop Icon Layout and Position